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Overview of zkVM and Proof Systems
zkVM / Proof System Architecture Frontend Backend Security Bits RISC Zero RISC-V Rust STARK-based 96 bits SP1 RISC-V Rust STARK-based 100 bits OpenVM RISC-V Rust STARK-based 100 bits Jolt RISC-V Rust Lookup-based - Stone Cairo VM Cairo STARK-based 100 bits S-two Cairo VM Cairo STARK-based 96 bits
All benchmarks presented here are CPU-only and do not utilize any GPU acceleration.
Stone benchmarks were generated using the dynamic layout with these configurations .
The benchmarks for SP1, R0 and OpenVM use compressed or succinct prover type, which aggregates all the STARK proofs into a single STARK proof.
Benchmarks which run out of memory have been indicated by 💾 and benchmarks which generate errors in proof generation have been indicated by ❌ in the tables.
Time and Commit Hash
Commit Hash : f27856ec17fbd9e85ec31cba9c2cb9e96d8dd08fTimestamp : Thursday, July 03, 2025 20:52:50 UTC
OS Version Ubuntu 24.04.2 LTS
CPU Info
Architecture : x86_64
CPU(s) : 48
Model name : AMD EPYC-Rome Processor
Thread(s) per core : 2
Core(s) per socket : 24
Socket(s) : 1
L3 cache : 16 MiB (1 instance)
Memory Info
MemTotal : 184.25 GB
MemFree : 166.19 GB
MemAvailable : 178.69 GB
Fibonacci Benchmark n Fibonacci iterations.
Prover Time (s) n jolt sp1 openvm r0 stone stwo 32768 3.208 15.003 34.291 17.128 56.325 13.198 65536 5.183 18.252 42.403 29.241 95.468 11.372 131072 9.17 24.982 57.978 52.298 💾 12.886 262144 15.771 39.327 92.229 86.743 💾 12.587 524288 28.16 54.812 158.128 167.607 💾 16.166 1048576 54.42 72.028 320.082 306.386 💾 18.612 2097152 107.89 128.215 515.567 605.92 💾 31.047 4194304 ❌ 222.332 1042.58 1206.76 💾 60.939
Verifier Time (ms) n jolt sp1 openvm r0 stone stwo 32768 53.0 108 142 23 92.0 41 65536 77.0 107 139 10 113.0 16 131072 58.0 101 140 23 💾 18 262144 103.0 100 141 22 💾 89 524288 56.0 83 140 24 💾 14 1048576 104.0 83 57 23 💾 414 2097152 98.0 84 57 10 💾 367 4194304 ❌ 83 57 23 💾 10
Proof Size (KB) n jolt sp1 openvm r0 stone stwo 32768 187.615 1315.53 1708.31 223.234 125.608 789.578 65536 197.799 1315.53 1708.31 223.234 129.8 783.63 131072 208.399 1315.53 1708.31 223.234 💾 783.834 262144 219.415 1315.53 1708.31 223.234 💾 802.678 524288 230.847 1315.53 1708.31 223.234 💾 801.194 1048576 242.695 1315.53 852.937 223.234 💾 808.038 2097152 254.959 1315.53 852.937 223.234 💾 819.122 4194304 ❌ 1315.53 816.649 223.234 💾 866.882
Cycle Count n jolt sp1 r0 stone stwo 32768 196974 168808 166215 229390 262143 65536 393582 332648 330055 458766 524287 131072 786798 660328 657735 💾 1048575 262144 1573230 1315688 1313095 💾 2097151 524288 3146041 2626408 2623815 💾 4194303 1048576 6291822 5247848 5245255 💾 8388607 2097152 12583293 10490728 10488135 💾 16777215 4194304 ❌ 20976488 20973895 💾 33554431
Peak Memory (GB) n jolt sp1 openvm r0 stone stwo 32768 6.44 5.12 7 2.3 59.44 11.08 65536 5.83 6.42 5.43 4.58 118.54 11.46 131072 8.79 9.18 5.43 9.15 💾 12.2 262144 14.73 14.3 6.57 9.17 💾 14.01 524288 26.95 15.12 12.22 9.17 💾 17.57 1048576 50.85 25.94 12.22 9.17 💾 24.57 2097152 98.93 35.61 12.42 9.18 💾 38.62 4194304 ❌ 51.25 12.43 9.18 💾 72.26
Sha2 Benchmark Sha256 hash of n bytes. For Stone, the cairo implementation of sha256 by cartridge was used for benchmarking and for other zkvms sha2 Rust crate was used for benchmarking.
Prover Time (s) n jolt sp1 openvm r0 stone stwo sp1-precompile r0-precompile openvm-precompile 256 1.657 12.71 28.943 11.196 10.835 17.978 34.019 8.316 44.301 512 1.711 13.184 29.561 11.306 19.88 15.051 33.991 11.33 43.728 1024 2.173 13.863 30.609 17.136 31.021 16.833 33.83 11.201 44.897 2048 3.324 15.021 34.184 28.934 31.294 17.726 34.531 17.174 44.683 4096 ❌ 16.88 39.38 52.487 66.539 14.084 34.418 28.982 47.701 8192 ❌ 24.037 50.539 86.688 116.467 14.979 35.564 52.48 48.995 16384 ❌ 37.958 78.057 167.856 💾 21.402 38.267 110.887 52.865 32768 ❌ 52.566 129.842 300.572 💾 16.555 46.209 184.873 60.148 65536 ❌ 72.136 249.403 589.84 💾 18.384 60.138 357.716 79.957 131072 ❌ 136.592 532.796 1172.21 💾 27.871 87.29 709.726 124.996 262144 ❌ 257.02 916.603 2338.03 💾 27.362 121.022 1415.34 219.654 524288 ❌ 513.726 1790.29 4673.32 💾 43.242 233.959 2825.46 393.678
Verifier Time (ms) n jolt sp1 openvm r0 stone stwo sp1-precompile r0-precompile openvm-precompile 256 50.0 108 141 10 428.0 10 83 22 142 512 49.0 113 144 20 418.0 11 106 23 141 1024 49.0 102 140 23 426.0 11 90 15 141 2048 75.0 97 140 22 440.0 11 109 22 142 4096 ❌ 106 139 22 454.0 11 99 23 141 8192 ❌ 109 141 22 525.0 11 87 22 142 16384 ❌ 82 144 22 💾 42 92 23 142 32768 ❌ 94 140 23 💾 49 102 15 142 65536 ❌ 83 141 23 💾 143 95 23 141 131072 ❌ 83 57 24 💾 441 83 24 141 262144 ❌ 83 56 24 💾 236 83 23 142 524288 ❌ 83 56 23 💾 12 82 24 141
Proof Size (KB) n jolt sp1 openvm r0 stone stwo sp1-precompile r0-precompile openvm-precompile 256 172.143 1315.56 1708.31 223.482 104.104 986.394 1315.56 223.482 1784.35 512 172.143 1315.56 1708.31 223.482 114.152 1000.61 1315.56 223.482 1784.35 1024 181.495 1315.56 1708.31 223.482 117.224 1011.16 1315.56 223.482 1784.35 2048 191.263 1315.56 1708.31 223.482 120.04 1011.71 1315.56 223.482 1784.35 4096 ❌ 1315.56 1708.31 223.482 126.632 1007.77 1315.56 223.482 1784.35 8192 ❌ 1315.56 1708.31 223.482 130.824 1013.42 1315.56 223.482 1784.35 16384 ❌ 1315.56 1708.31 223.482 💾 1005.31 1315.56 223.482 1784.35 32768 ❌ 1315.56 1708.31 223.482 💾 1018.49 1315.56 223.482 1784.35 65536 ❌ 1315.56 1708.31 223.482 💾 1017.72 1315.56 223.482 1784.35 131072 ❌ 1315.56 852.937 223.482 💾 1037.15 1315.56 223.482 1784.35 262144 ❌ 1315.56 852.937 223.482 💾 1045.93 1315.56 223.482 1784.35 524288 ❌ 1315.56 816.649 223.482 💾 1092.14 1315.56 223.482 1784.35
Cycle Count n jolt sp1 r0 stone stwo sp1-precompile r0-precompile 256 35325.0 33911 51280 14791.0 131071 11492 31643 512 60893.0 52743 90848 29233.0 131071 15820 55467 1024 112029 90407 169984 46295.0 131071 24476 103133 2048 214301 165735 328256 80419.0 131071 41788 198463 4096 ❌ 316391 644800 160489 262143 76412 389106 8192 ❌ 617703 1277888 308807 524287 145660 770392 16384 ❌ 1220327 2544064 💾 1048575 284156 1532981 32768 ❌ 2425575 5076416 💾 2097151 561148 3058159 65536 ❌ 4836071 10141120 💾 4194303 1115132 6108532 131072 ❌ 9657063 20270528 💾 8388607 2223100 12209241 262144 ❌ 19299047 40529344 💾 16777215 4439036 24410676 524288 ❌ 38583015 81046976 💾 33554431 8870908 48813546
Peak Memory (GB) n jolt sp1 openvm r0 stone stwo sp1-precompile r0-precompile openvm-precompile 256 5.09 4.29 5.45 1.43 9.63 10.79 7.84 1.43 5.44 512 4.9 4.42 5.44 1.42 18.9 10.82 8.18 1.42 5.45 1024 4.9 4.54 5.44 2.3 35.74 10.86 8.01 1.42 5.44 2048 4.91 5.02 5.44 4.58 35.73 10.87 8.1 2.3 5.44 4096 ❌ 6.28 5.44 9.15 71.46 11.03 8.29 4.59 5.44 8192 ❌ 8.6 5.44 9.17 142.68 11.34 8.53 9.16 5.44 16384 ❌ 13.32 5.44 9.18 💾 11.94 8.79 9.17 5.44 32768 ❌ 15.31 8.78 9.18 💾 13.48 8.63 9.18 5.44 65536 ❌ 29.19 16.64 9.18 💾 16.52 12.9 9.18 5.44 131072 ❌ 35.4 21.6 9.2 💾 22.5 21.26 9.19 6.89 262144 ❌ 45.34 22.77 9.21 💾 34.52 34.15 9.21 12.86 524288 ❌ 54.88 25.59 9.25 💾 63.89 49.57 9.23 24.78
Sha2-Chain Benchmark Sha256 hash of 32 bytes for n iteration.
Prover Time (s) n jolt sp1 openvm r0 stone stwo sp1-precompile r0-precompile openvm-precompile 8 2.164 12.798 29.444 11.303 11.083 11.488 34.606 6.862 43.511 16 2.973 13.875 30.349 11.252 11.115 18.583 34.339 8.352 44.295 32 4.912 14.62 33.814 17.156 11.991 11.938 34.203 8.305 43.893 64 8.285 17.617 38.294 28.948 10.631 14.158 33.862 11.289 44.197 128 14.469 24.728 49.582 52.457 19.206 10.335 35.134 11.315 45.006 256 25.909 37.471 73.574 74.818 26.184 14.057 36.234 17.422 42.793 512 50.064 52.895 126.086 144.234 56.529 22.012 40.643 29.057 46.573 1024 96.901 71.752 231.888 285.012 95.878 20.846 50.02 52.522 52.862 2048 ❌ 132.275 516.789 574.819 💾 14.061 77.808 110.071 61.761 4096 ❌ 227.325 905.706 1110.77 💾 17.799 103.011 191.208 81.617 8192 ❌ 444.028 1814.44 2210.89 💾 18.607 193.572 365.446 122.31 16384 ❌ 872.638 3596.93 4404.24 💾 20.569 319.33 723.963 212.16 32768 ❌ 1698.85 7067.26 8791.74 💾 25.041 628.712 1443.04 388.56
Verifier Time (ms) n jolt sp1 openvm r0 stone stwo sp1-precompile r0-precompile openvm-precompile 8 49.0 82 140 22 432.0 10 83 23 141 16 55.0 101 140 23 398.0 10 93 20 142 32 86.0 108 140 22 402.0 10 94 21 141 64 102.0 88 140 23 375.0 10 87 22 141 128 78.0 108 141 23 413.0 10 84 21 141 256 60.0 83 139 22 422.0 11 83 23 141 512 60.0 84 140 22 420.0 37 83 22 142 1024 103.0 83 139 23 456.0 41 83 22 141 2048 ❌ 83 57 23 💾 40 83 10 141 4096 ❌ 86 56 22 💾 119 83 23 141 8192 ❌ 83 56 22 💾 116 83 10 142 16384 ❌ 84 56 24 💾 182 86 23 141 32768 ❌ 83 56 24 💾 262 83 23 141
Proof Size (KB) n jolt sp1 openvm r0 stone stwo sp1-precompile r0-precompile openvm-precompile 8 181.495 1315.56 1708.31 223.482 109.544 952.094 1315.56 223.482 1784.35 16 191.263 1315.56 1708.31 223.482 106.728 971.154 1315.56 223.482 1784.35 32 201.447 1315.56 1708.31 223.482 108.776 955.554 1315.56 223.482 1784.35 64 212.047 1315.56 1708.31 223.482 106.568 962.798 1315.56 223.482 1784.35 128 223.063 1315.56 1708.31 223.482 112.36 946.158 1315.56 223.482 1784.35 256 234.495 1315.56 1708.31 223.482 117.992 969.698 1315.56 223.482 1784.35 512 246.343 1315.56 1708.31 223.482 124.168 947.738 1315.56 223.482 1784.35 1024 258.607 1315.56 1708.31 223.482 129.512 948.874 1315.56 223.482 1784.35 2048 ❌ 1315.56 852.937 223.482 💾 959.414 1315.56 223.482 1784.35 4096 ❌ 1315.56 852.937 223.482 💾 966.074 1315.56 223.482 1784.35 8192 ❌ 1315.56 816.649 223.482 💾 976.142 1315.56 223.482 1784.35 16384 ❌ 1315.56 816.649 223.482 💾 986.186 1315.56 223.482 1784.35 32768 ❌ 1315.56 852.937 223.482 💾 1001.51 1315.56 223.482 1784.35
Cycle Count n jolt sp1 r0 stone stwo sp1-precompile r0-precompile 8 69290.0 48118 45952 3008.0 65535 13495 14624 16 136282 85686 83432 5872.0 65535 20287 20776 32 270266 160822 158392 11600.0 65535 33871 33080 64 538234 311094 308312 23056.0 65535 61039 57688 128 1074187 611638 608152 45968.0 65535 115375 106904 256 2146059 1212726 1207832 91792.0 131071 224047 205336 512 4289803 2414902 2407192 183440 262143 441391 402200 1024 8577291 4819254 4805912 366736 524287 876079 795928 2048 ❌ 9627958 9603352 💾 1048575 1745455 1583384 4096 ❌ 19245366 19198232 💾 2097151 3484207 3158296 8192 ❌ 38480182 38387992 💾 4194303 6961711 6308120 16384 ❌ 76949814 76767512 💾 8388607 13916719 12607768 32768 ❌ 153889078 153526552 💾 16777215 27826735 25207064
Peak Memory (GB) n jolt sp1 openvm r0 stone stwo sp1-precompile r0-precompile openvm-precompile 8 5.1 4.31 5.44 1.42 9.1 10.74 7.81 1.44 5.44 16 4.91 4.54 5.44 1.42 9.04 10.74 8.04 1.43 5.44 32 5.92 4.98 5.44 2.3 9.04 10.75 8.5 1.43 5.44 64 8.69 6.19 5.44 4.58 9.05 10.77 8.05 1.42 5.44 128 14.39 8.81 5.44 9.14 17.87 10.78 8.29 1.42 5.44 256 26.36 13.27 5.44 9.17 29.66 10.83 8.52 2.3 5.44 512 48.32 14.7 8.57 9.17 59.33 10.95 8.63 4.59 5.44 1024 93.03 27.2 16.24 9.17 118.62 11.18 11.08 9.15 5.44 2048 ❌ 40.4 20.59 9.18 💾 11.64 18.61 9.17 5.44 4096 ❌ 44.04 20.6 9.19 💾 12.88 35.18 9.17 5.44 8192 ❌ 55.14 20.62 9.2 💾 15.31 53.3 9.17 6.64 16384 ❌ 58.47 20.66 9.2 💾 20.08 52.23 9.18 12.34 32768 ❌ 60.22 20.8 9.27 💾 29.71 63.03 9.18 23.74
Sha3 Benchmark Keccak256 hash of n bytes. For Stone, the implementation of Keccak256 from stdlib as well as builtin was benchmarked.
Prover Time (s) n jolt sp1 openvm r0 stone stwo sp1-precompile r0-precompile openvm-precompile stone-precompile 256 1.719 13.328 31.471 11.348 20.266 19.743 60.343 33.9 57.925 18.361 512 2.109 13.627 32.773 17.205 30.972 10.897 60.387 36.853 59.354 17.21 1024 3.15 15.275 34.777 17.179 65.925 23.258 60.193 42.789 58.748 18.037 2048 4.924 17.564 39.929 29.094 115.746 16.661 60.696 43.047 59.419 16.58 4096 ❌ 24.096 45.142 52.54 💾 11.693 60.073 54.792 61.503 27.567 8192 ❌ 37.851 60.927 110.08 💾 16.392 61.477 78.203 63.798 43.043 16384 ❌ 50.158 94.74 225.876 💾 15.422 63.416 136.103 70.003 86.217 32768 ❌ 66.943 165.212 422.471 💾 16.528 70.234 251.263 79.62 151.873 65536 ❌ 109.098 308.693 841.045 💾 21.269 84.047 437.697 102.599 💾 131072 ❌ 207.231 753.494 1671.26 💾 32.631 96.357 856.136 151.591 💾 262144 ❌ 367.867 1526.34 3310.6 💾 59.078 133.31 1691.49 252.934 💾 524288 ❌ 701.99 3048.73 6615.82 💾 106.153 191.352 3376.32 454.067 💾
Verifier Time (ms) n jolt sp1 openvm r0 stone stwo sp1-precompile r0-precompile openvm-precompile stone-precompile 256 77.0 107 139 23 505.0 11 116 24 141 269.0 512 66.0 107 139 23 494.0 11 108 23 141 213.0 1024 58.0 84 139 22 495.0 11 88 23 141 244.0 2048 61.0 109 140 24 544.0 11 104 22 141 217.0 4096 ❌ 110 140 22 💾 11 114 22 142 229.0 8192 ❌ 108 139 23 💾 11 89 22 142 254.0 16384 ❌ 83 140 24 💾 38 91 23 142 262.0 32768 ❌ 83 140 24 💾 139 88 22 141 273.0 65536 ❌ 82 140 24 💾 198 111 23 141 💾 131072 ❌ 83 57 24 💾 201 88 22 141 💾 262144 ❌ 83 56 23 💾 631 88 23 141 💾 524288 ❌ 83 56 22 💾 191 88 23 141 💾
Proof Size (KB) n jolt sp1 openvm r0 stone stwo sp1-precompile r0-precompile openvm-precompile stone-precompile 256 170.823 1315.56 1708.31 223.482 113.64 1002.79 1477.23 223.482 1787.55 108.008 512 180.175 1315.56 1708.31 223.482 119.272 991.494 1477.23 223.482 1787.55 107.752 1024 189.943 1315.56 1708.31 223.482 126.92 1001.15 1477.23 223.482 1787.55 110.312 2048 200.127 1315.56 1708.31 223.482 130.536 1001.4 1477.23 223.482 1787.55 110.056 4096 ❌ 1315.56 1708.31 223.482 💾 1016.95 1477.23 223.482 1787.55 114.92 8192 ❌ 1315.56 1708.31 223.482 💾 1012.45 1477.23 223.482 1787.55 119.848 16384 ❌ 1315.56 1708.31 223.482 💾 1027.4 1477.23 223.482 1787.55 126.088 32768 ❌ 1315.56 1708.31 223.482 💾 1014.61 1477.23 223.482 1787.55 132.872 65536 ❌ 1315.56 1708.31 223.482 💾 1037.78 1477.23 223.482 1787.55 💾 131072 ❌ 1315.56 852.937 223.482 💾 1073.61 1477.23 223.482 1787.55 💾 262144 ❌ 1315.56 816.649 223.482 💾 1154.34 1477.23 223.482 1787.55 💾 524288 ❌ 1315.56 852.937 223.482 💾 1179.28 1477.23 223.482 1787.55 💾
Cycle Count n jolt sp1 r0 stone stwo sp1-precompile r0-precompile stone-precompile 256 46732.0 47653 63651 19431.0 131071 15337 36390 998.0 512 90274.0 84714 121925 38611.0 131071 20082 63910 1762.0 1024 177358 158823 238473 59058.0 262143 29559 118950 3286.0 2048 351574 307036 471569 117859 524287 48508 229030 6334.0 4096 ❌ 586913 921296 💾 1048575 86015 448102 12241.0 8192 ❌ 1146654 1820750 💾 2097151 161016 886246 24055.0 16384 ❌ 2266147 3619658 💾 2097151 311029 1762534 47683.0 32768 ❌ 4505110 7217474 💾 4194303 611032 3515110 94930.0 65536 ❌ 8999653 14429571 💾 8388607 1211497 7021350 💾 131072 ❌ 17988714 28853765 💾 16777215 2412402 14038604 💾 262144 ❌ 35966823 57702153 💾 33554431 4814199 28068169 💾 524288 ❌ 71923036 115398929 💾 67108863 9617788 56132428 💾
Peak Memory (GB) n jolt sp1 openvm r0 stone stwo sp1-precompile r0-precompile openvm-precompile stone-precompile 256 5.43 4.5 5.44 1.42 19.02 10.82 11.56 3.46 5.49 11.13 512 4.9 4.54 5.44 2.3 35.74 10.85 11.59 3.45 5.49 11.07 1024 4.9 5.01 5.44 2.3 71.41 10.97 11.55 3.45 5.49 11.07 2048 5.8 6.16 5.44 4.59 142.54 11.21 11.62 3.45 5.49 11.07 4096 ❌ 8.7 5.44 9.17 💾 11.9 11.79 4.59 5.49 21.97 8192 ❌ 13.65 5.44 9.17 💾 13.19 11.96 9.16 5.49 43.91 16384 ❌ 12.24 5.85 9.18 💾 13.73 11.87 9.17 5.49 87.17 32768 ❌ 24.03 10.77 9.18 💾 17 12.23 9.17 5.48 174.24 65536 ❌ 39 20.53 9.19 💾 23.54 12.22 9.18 5.49 💾 131072 ❌ 52.23 21.23 9.2 💾 42.08 17.09 9.18 8.19 💾 262144 ❌ 52.28 22.77 9.2 💾 78.97 27.25 9.21 15.42 💾 524288 ❌ 57.67 22.93 9.27 💾 151.16 55.68 9.22 29.87 💾
Sha3-Chain Benchmark Keccak256 hash of 32 bytes for n iteration.
Prover Time (s) n jolt sp1 openvm r0 stone stwo sp1-precompile r0-precompile openvm-precompile stone-precompile 8 3.151 14.691 31.427 17.2 66.291 13.552 59.266 34.114 58.806 16.827 16 5.142 17.431 34.818 28.941 115.28 18.47 60.353 37.322 59.329 18.279 32 8.57 23.603 43.135 52.437 💾 13.475 60.409 36.973 58.913 27.208 64 15.082 37.422 57.017 74.883 💾 14.55 60.377 42.978 59.971 43.739 128 29.25 50.151 90.378 132.931 💾 18.699 59.433 54.814 61.487 85.956 256 55.496 66.364 156.377 261.039 💾 22.329 61.843 78.503 65.217 151.067 512 105.689 104.036 297.659 515.447 💾 29.078 65.634 92.151 72.255 💾 1024 ❌ 192.377 715.326 1037.74 💾 52.14 73.4 176.441 88.201 💾 2048 ❌ 357.885 1474.13 2034.16 💾 94.358 91.595 348.058 115.792 💾 4096 ❌ 681.138 2909.76 4083.82 💾 ❌ 109.247 665.897 171.808 💾 8192 ❌ 1316.41 5795.09 8122.75 💾 ❌ 183.78 1286.1 510.264 💾 16384 ❌ 2597.86 11684.6 16241.2 💾 ❌ 353.935 2565.25 870.635 💾 32768 ❌ 5192.04 23068.5 32449.9 💾 ❌ 657.383 5090.45 1712.06 💾
Verifier Time (ms) n jolt sp1 openvm r0 stone stwo sp1-precompile r0-precompile openvm-precompile stone-precompile 8 83.0 107 139 23 526.0 11.0 122 20 142 252.0 16 114.0 86 139 23 555.0 11.0 116 23 142 254.0 32 75.0 111 139 23 💾 11.0 88 23 142 256.0 64 79.0 102 139 23 💾 11.0 116 23 142 265.0 128 57.0 99 139 23 💾 11.0 99 22 141 270.0 256 64.0 83 139 22 💾 42.0 90 20 141 288.0 512 118.0 83 139 23 💾 44.0 103 23 141 💾 1024 ❌ 83 56 23 💾 49.0 106 23 144 💾 2048 ❌ 84 56 23 💾 572.0 88 24 142 💾 4096 ❌ 83 56 23 💾 ❌ 88 23 141 💾 8192 ❌ 84 56 23 💾 ❌ 87 22 56 💾 16384 ❌ 83 55 20 💾 ❌ 88 24 57 💾 32768 ❌ 84 57 23 💾 ❌ 88 22 55 💾
Proof Size (KB) n jolt sp1 openvm r0 stone stwo sp1-precompile r0-precompile openvm-precompile stone-precompile 8 191.263 1315.56 1708.31 223.482 124.616 995.554 1477.23 223.482 1787.55 109.8 16 201.447 1315.56 1708.31 223.482 129.96 1006.302 1477.23 223.482 1787.55 108.264 32 212.047 1315.56 1708.31 223.482 💾 1028.558 1477.23 223.482 1787.55 115.944 64 223.063 1315.56 1708.31 223.482 💾 1023.458 1477.23 223.482 1787.55 122.856 128 234.495 1315.56 1708.31 223.482 💾 1032.058 1477.23 223.482 1787.55 123.304 256 246.343 1315.56 1708.31 223.482 💾 1031.81 1477.23 223.482 1787.55 131.944 512 258.607 1315.56 1708.31 223.482 💾 1084.746 1477.23 223.482 1787.55 💾 1024 ❌ 1315.56 852.937 223.482 💾 1155.054 1477.23 223.482 1787.55 💾 2048 ❌ 1315.56 816.649 223.482 💾 1182.062 1477.23 223.482 1787.55 💾 4096 ❌ 1315.56 852.937 223.482 💾 ❌ 1477.23 223.482 1787.55 💾 8192 ❌ 1315.56 816.649 223.482 💾 ❌ 1477.23 223.482 852.937 💾 16384 ❌ 1315.56 816.649 223.482 💾 ❌ 1477.23 223.482 852.937 💾 32768 ❌ 1315.56 852.937 223.482 💾 ❌ 1477.23 223.482 816.649 💾
Cycle Count n jolt sp1 r0 stone stwo sp1-precompile r0-precompile stone-precompile 8 203331 147841 147328 57648.0 262143 18577 27805 3480.0 16 404363 284353 286232 115185 524287 25825 43693 6904.0 32 806427 557377 564040 💾 1048575 40321 75469 13752.0 64 1610555 1103425 1119656 💾 2097151 69313 139021 27448.0 128 3218828 2195521 2230888 💾 4194303 127297 266125 54840.0 256 6435340 4379713 4453352 💾 8388607 243265 520333 109624 512 12868364 8748097 8898280 💾 16777215 475201 1028749 💾 1024 ❌ 17484865 17788136 💾 33554431 939073 2050355 💾 2048 ❌ 34958401 35567848 💾 67108863 1866817 4093575 💾 4096 ❌ 69905473 71127272 💾 ❌ 3722305 8174812 💾 8192 ❌ 139799617 142246120 💾 ❌ 7433281 16338156 💾 16384 ❌ 279587905 284483816 💾 ❌ 14855233 32669621 💾 32768 ❌ 559164481 568959208 💾 ❌ 29699137 65327886 💾
Peak Memory (GB) n jolt sp1 openvm r0 stone stwo sp1-precompile r0-precompile openvm-precompile stone-precompile 8 5.09 5.14 5.44 2.3 71.49 10.95 11.61 3.45 5.49 11.07 16 5.85 6.23 5.44 4.58 142.53 11.14 11.43 3.45 5.49 11.07 32 8.88 9.03 5.44 9.14 💾 11.83 11.95 3.45 5.49 21.98 64 14.89 13.13 5.44 9.17 💾 13.2 11.6 3.45 5.49 43.91 128 27.13 12.02 5.7 9.18 💾 15.6 11.49 4.57 5.49 87.26 256 51.24 21.98 10.48 9.18 💾 20.66 11.14 9.13 5.49 174.37 512 100.0 39.84 19.95 9.18 💾 36.36 11.92 9.16 5.49 💾 1024 ❌ 41.18 19.95 9.19 💾 67.57 11.24 9.16 5.49 💾 2048 ❌ 47.4 19.96 9.2 💾 128.39 14.17 9.16 6.28 💾 4096 ❌ 59.51 20.31 9.22 💾 ❌ 30.3 9.17 11.39 💾 8192 ❌ 61.16 20.5 9.26 💾 ❌ 53.85 9.18 20.72 💾 16384 ❌ 61.43 20.75 9.34 💾 ❌ 57.23 9.2 20.8 💾 32768 ❌ 63.58 20.93 9.49 💾 ❌ 63.67 9.22 20.87 💾
BLAKE Benchmark Blake2s256 hash of n bytes. For the S-two benchmarks, a dedicated opcode for BLAKE was used, as illustrated in this Cairo source file . SP1 and R0 do not support precompiles for BLAKE.
Prover Time (s) n sp1 r0 stwo-precompile 2048 14.272 28.817 35.206 4096 14.773 52.33 34.752 8192 17.678 65.67 30.911 16384 24.308 126.219 32.214 32768 37.485 240.843 30.324 65536 55.119 476.273 38.614 131072 101.786 947.306 35.269 262144 162.863 1888.15 33.434
Verifier Time (ms) n sp1 r0 stwo-precompile 2048 102 10 11 4096 105 23 11 8192 111 22 11 16384 99 24 11 32768 104 23 12 65536 81 22 12 131072 81 23 37 262144 81 22 48
Proof Size (KB) n sp1 r0 stwo-precompile 2048 1315.56 223.482 1117.14 4096 1315.56 223.482 1138.83 8192 1315.56 223.482 1134.37 16384 1315.56 223.482 1121.81 32768 1315.56 223.482 1144.87 65536 1315.56 223.482 1158.19 131072 1315.56 223.482 1141.67 262144 1315.56 223.482 1148.66
Cycle Count n sp1 r0 stwo-precompile 2048 100997 264515 65535 4096 193061 521763 65535 8192 377189 1036259 65535 16384 745445 2065251 65535 32768 1481957 4123235 131071 65536 2954981 8239203 262143 131072 5901029 16471139 524287 262144 11793125 32935011 1048575
Peak Memory (GB) n sp1 r0 stwo-precompile 2048 4.55 4.58 19.98 4096 5 9.14 19.94 8192 6.09 9.17 19.98 16384 8.83 9.18 20.02 32768 13.83 9.18 20.17 65536 16.59 9.18 20.5 131072 38 9.19 20.88 262144 45.31 9.19 21.97
BLAKE-Chain Benchmark Blake2s256 hash of 32 bytes for n iteration. For the S-two benchmarks, a dedicated opcode for BLAKE was used, as illustrated in this Cairo source file . SP1 and R0 do not support precompiles for BLAKE.
Prover Time (s) n sp1 r0 stwo-precompile 128 17.319 28.76 30.885 256 24.279 52.074 32.974 512 38.5 86.181 33.26 1024 53.129 166.706 30.723 2048 89.423 316.029 38.153 4096 145.299 628.118 31.717 8192 259.23 1260.14 37.422 16384 495.878 2521.17 35.82
Verifier Time (ms) n sp1 r0 stwo-precompile 128 105 22 11 256 104 22 11 512 108 23 11 1024 84 23 11 2048 81 23 41 4096 85 23 40 8192 81 23 49 16384 81 22 39
Proof Size (KB) n sp1 r0 stwo-precompile 128 1315.56 223.482 1119.07 256 1315.56 223.482 1121.09 512 1315.56 223.482 1128.54 1024 1315.56 223.482 1119.77 2048 1315.56 223.482 1127.81 4096 1315.56 223.482 1127.26 8192 1315.56 223.482 1134 16384 1315.56 223.482 1143.83
Cycle Count n sp1 r0 stwo-precompile 128 376249 356507 65535 256 742841 702491 65535 512 1476025 1394459 131071 1024 2942393 2778395 262143 2048 5875129 5546267 524287 4096 11740601 11082011 1048575 8192 23471545 22153499 2097151 16384 46933433 44296475 4194303
Peak Memory (GB) n sp1 r0 stwo-precompile 128 6.16 4.58 19.99 256 9.12 9.15 20.01 512 13.17 9.17 20.13 1024 15.96 9.17 20.39 2048 32.88 9.17 20.72 4096 44.6 9.19 21.54 8192 50.57 9.19 23.31 16384 53.25 9.21 27.19
Matrix Multiplication Benchmark multiplication of two matrices of size n x n.
Prover Time (s) n jolt sp1 openvm r0 stone stwo 4 1.196 13.179 29.508 6.763 10.922 12.72 8 1.648 12.862 30.119 8.21 9.879 19.566 16 4.979 15.252 33.467 17.135 26.384 16.531 32 27.702 26.491 58.102 65.806 💾 14.655 64 ❌ 135.352 292.125 480.724 💾 21.199 128 ❌ 881.29 2671.68 3809.76 💾 76.061
Verifier Time (ms) n jolt sp1 openvm r0 stone stwo 4 44.0 110 140 23 111.0 10 8 51.0 110 140 22 120.0 10 16 86.0 102 139 23 139.0 10 32 84.0 109 140 25 💾 18 64 ❌ 85 140 22 💾 41 128 ❌ 84 56 23 💾 45
Proof Size (KB) n jolt sp1 openvm r0 stone stwo 4 144.647 1315.53 1708.31 223.234 109.032 815.674 8 169.607 1315.53 1708.31 223.234 108.52 833.086 16 198.911 1315.53 1708.31 223.234 116.456 844.238 32 233.591 1315.53 1708.31 223.234 💾 844.914 64 ❌ 1315.53 1708.31 223.234 💾 876.354 128 ❌ 1315.53 852.937 223.234 💾 981.178
Cycle Count n jolt sp1 r0 stone stwo 4 7181.0 8430 5820 2181.0 32767 8 42753.0 23951 21352 13521.0 32767 16 314782 139844 137280 94569.0 131071 32 2457710 1044394 1041904 💾 1048575 64 ❌ 8211062 8208720 💾 8388607 128 ❌ 65306638 65304592 💾 67108863
Peak Memory (GB) n jolt sp1 openvm r0 stone stwo 4 5.43 4.45 5.43 1.42 9.09 10.73 8 4.91 4.29 5.43 1.43 9.03 10.73 16 5.8 5.12 5.43 2.29 29.68 10.82 32 26.45 10.34 5.43 9.17 💾 11.61 64 ❌ 39.28 19.69 9.17 💾 19.92 128 ❌ 60.01 20.09 9.19 💾 101.6
Elliptic Curve Addition Benchmark n point doubling for secp256k1.
Prover Time (s) n jolt sp1 openvm r0 stone stwo 256 50.41 70.731 158.631 283.941 18.869 11.993 512 96.814 116.11 292.691 531.309 30.529 19.268 1024 ❌ 211.962 582.356 1037.16 65.693 15.356 2048 ❌ 394.022 1048.01 2072.757 114.312 14.318 4096 ❌ 741.169 2029.72 4079.796 💾 14.407 8192 ❌ 1426.64 4046.32 8181.789 💾 16.635 16384 ❌ 2844.32 7953.88 ❌ 💾 24.382 32768 ❌ 5628.39 15793.7 ❌ 💾 28.304
Verifier Time (ms) n jolt sp1 openvm r0 stone stwo 256 67.0 83 140 22.0 188.0 10 512 60.0 83 140 23.0 181.0 10 1024 ❌ 83 56 23.0 187.0 34 2048 ❌ 83 56 25.0 238.0 39 4096 ❌ 83 57 23.0 💾 41 8192 ❌ 83 56 11.0 💾 36 16384 ❌ 83 56 ❌ 💾 130 32768 ❌ 83 55 ❌ 💾 15
Proof Size (KB) n jolt sp1 openvm r0 stone stwo 256 249.399 1315.56 1708.31 223.482 111.592 918.41 512 261.663 1315.56 1708.31 223.482 120.04 897.182 1024 ❌ 1315.56 852.937 223.482 127.784 889.49 2048 ❌ 1315.56 852.937 223.482 131.976 896.15 4096 ❌ 1315.56 816.649 223.482 💾 901.758 8192 ❌ 1315.56 816.649 223.482 💾 910.154 16384 ❌ 1315.56 852.937 ❌ 💾 929.282 32768 ❌ 1315.56 816.649 ❌ 💾 931.042
Cycle Count n jolt sp1 r0 stone stwo 256 4760760 4715656 4711913 59936.0 131071 512 9290168 9169544 9165801 119840 262143 1024 ❌ 18077320 18073577 239648 262143 2048 ❌ 35892872 35889129 479264 524287 4096 ❌ 71523976 71520233 💾 1048575 8192 ❌ 142786184 142782441 💾 2097151 16384 ❌ 285310600 ❌ 💾 4194303 32768 ❌ 570359432 ❌ 💾 8388607
Peak Memory (GB) n jolt sp1 openvm r0 stone stwo 256 48.62 23.6 10.37 9.18 17.93 10.9 512 93.9 47.38 19.8 9.19 35.7 11.08 1024 ❌ 44.31 19.83 9.19 71.47 11.27 2048 ❌ 55.82 19.84 9.19 142.68 11.81 4096 ❌ 62.49 19.86 9.22 💾 13.22 8192 ❌ 63.14 19.94 9.26 💾 16.01 16384 ❌ 66.48 19.95 ❌ 💾 21.62 32768 ❌ 66.97 19.96 ❌ 💾 32.64
